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Testing
2024年11月19日
Testing
[图片]Even the most linguistically strong person will complain to you about his or her struggle with English vocabulary. You can never learn enough of English words. There are so many new words out there that it's quite impossible to remember most of them. Each word has several synonyms, antonyms, and different forms of parts of speech, thus making the list of words longer. Most of us realize our limitation of vocabulary when we prepare for English testing exams like TOEFL or IELTS. But the time seems to be too short to learn so many new words. In my GRE, for example, I've come across words in the questions whose meaning was unfamiliar to me and also the answer words that looked strange too. Though it is impossible to learn so many new words before the exam, you should use certain techniques to remember them vaguely. Here are some vocabulary-building tips that can help you.

Write down the new words

Just reading the new words aloud won't help you to remember the words. You need to write them down. Besides the word, you can write a sentence involving that word, or draw a picture. This will improve your information-retaining capability.

Revise the vocabulary

If you have decided to learn 10 words a day, for example, then you should not forget to revise the previous ones. You should go back to revising those words as well. Revising the words regularly will help you to recall those words easily.

Read more

You should spend time surrounded by English. So, find a book from your home library and start reading it. Here also use a note to write down the difficult words. You should look up in the dictionary or search online for the meaning of the word. When you do practice tests, the context is displayed before showing the questions. The texts are arranged after a lot of thought by the examiners. So, you can learn new words by rearing those extract. Also, you can learn new information about the world or society. Reading is a very powerful tool for improving vocabulary. So, read different types of books and articles so that you come across varieties of new words.

Use flashcards

It's a very common yet effective technique to learn new words. Get some square-shaped small cards and write down the new word on one side and the meaning on the other side. Put all the cards in a small bag. Whenever you go carry the cards with you. Take out the cards and try to remember their meanings. If you can't recall the meanings right away, turn around the card to look at the meaning. Arrange the flashcards according to different themes. For example, make a group of flashcards for words related to sports and then another related to business.

Have an immersive English experience

You should surround yourself with English, meaning do everything that involves English like watch movies, read newspapers, help your younger brother with story reading, speak to a native English-speaking friend, read a blog, and other things.

Listen to an English radio program

You should listen to the radio where they play English songs or have talk shows in English. Listening to these English content will help you learn new words too.

Play word games

You will find many word games online that will help you to learn new words. Do some research to find out some free online games to help you develop your vocabulary. The classic 'Scrabble' is a wonderful game to learn new words.

Apps

You can download various word-learning apps on your smartphone. These apps have interesting ways of teaching you new words. There will be exercises, games, and tests to help you improve your vocabulary. [图片]

Join communities

You can join social media groups or forums focused on English vocabulary learning. You can discuss with others regarding the meaning and usage of new words. You can have a conversation surrounding those words to help you retain the new information in your memory.

Contextual learning

A single word can be used differently in sentences giving them a different meaning. So, only memorizing the meaning of a word is not enough. You should be able to use them properly in sentences. You must remember doing 'make sentences' with new words in your literature class when you were young. The purpose of giving you such an assignment was to help you apply the word in a sentence properly besides knowing its meaning. You should maintain a vocabulary journal to keep track of the words you have learned along with their meanings. Try writing a paragraph or an article using the new words that you have learned. You can even use them in composing emails or social media posts.

Repeat and review

Using the new words repeatedly in your writing will move those words from your short-term memory to the long-term one. So, you will never forget those words. Apart from reading stories and articles, you should read idioms, synonyms, and antonyms. Using words in different forms will help to improve your English. If your vocabulary is strong then you will be able to answer many questions in the English tests. When you talk to your friends or family members, try to use the new words you have learned. Teach them those words. That way you will remember the words well. Vocabulary is a major section of all English Language exams. So, whether you take TOEFL or IELTS, you cannot avoid learning new words. So, use these tips and techniques to build up your vocabulary.
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Testing
2024年11月19日
Testing
[图片]The Duolingo English test is another attempt to create more opportunities for students to study abroad. It's an English assessment test for non-native speakers. Months before the test you must watch a video about the test to learn what it's all about, the sections included in the test, and the types of questions you will have to answer. In order to take good preparation for the exam, you need to know how the test gives scores. You will get 5 scores: for literacy, comprehension, conversation, production, and an average of all these. Here are some exam preparation tips that you can follow.

Know the exam pattern

You should know the syllabus, type of questions, and levels of difficulty of the exam. Once you know all these you can identify your strengths and weaknesses. For example, if many of the words you see unfamiliar then you know that you have to work on your vocabulary.

Take sample test

To find out where your skills lie, it is important to take a sample test. By attending exam-type questions you will know how much you have to work hard to achieve your goal. You will know which areas to focus on.

Know the types of questions

The exam is full of a variety of questions. Some of the questions of the Duolingo English test are very different from those of TOEFL or IELTS. For example, one type of question is to choose between real and fake words. The question can be in text or audio form. Another type of question is to type the missing letters of the word within a text. In the listening section, you will be asked to listen to a sentence and repeat it. You will need to do an image description, reading, and a writing task as well.

Know about Computer Adaptive Test (CAT)

You must be familiar with CAT before the exam. In this format of exam, you will be faced with a more challenging question once you answer a question correctly. On the other hand, if your answer is wrong, then the next one will be easier. So, you can guess whether the answers to your previous questions were correct or not by looking at the next question. So, if you see that your test is getting difficult then you will know that you are doing good in the exam. [图片]

Practice speaking

To do well in the speaking section of the exam, you must practice a lot. Try speaking on any random topic for a few minutes; record it; and hear it. You will be able to find mistakes in the content, speaking style, word choice, punctuation, and other things. So, work on those aspects of speaking to get a high score. Instead of practicing alone, it is more effective to call in a friend to help you.

Incorporate passive learning

Active learning is not enough to score well on this test. You need to include passive learning too. You must do activities that will help you to improve your spoken and written English. For example, you can watch Hollywood movies, read novels, or listen to podcasts. Now you can listen to audiobooks as well. You can also listen to English songs to understand the lyrics. To improve writing skills through passive learning, you can start writing a blog or articles on various topics.

Use the app

You can download the Duolingo app on your smartphone to practice English when you are on the go. With this app, you can practice at your own pace.

Learn new words

There is no alternative to learning new words every day. Your vocabulary must be strong to get a good overall score on the test.

Last minute preparation

The day before the test you must get good sleep and rest. You should organize all the necessary things, like your ID. You can take this test anytime from anywhere. So, if you decide to give it at home, make sure your computer or laptop is working. You must ensure a good Wi-Fi connection as well. On the day of the test, tell everyone in your family about the test. You must inform them of the time so they realize that they can't disturb you during that time. Keep your phone away and in silent mode. During the exam, your face and ears must be visible at all times. So, don't put on a headphone; otherwise, you will be disqualified. Before starting the test read all the instructions carefully. Stay focused during the duration of the test. Unlike TOEFL and IELTS, the Duolingo English test has only one section. The questions are also adaptive; that is, depending on your answer to the previous question, a new question will appear on the screen. If you can answer a question correctly then the next question will be more difficult. The test is invigilated online, so you must look at the screen all the time. The test is timed, so you need to answer the questions quickly. After the graded test, you must participate in an ungraded video interview and also submit a writing sample. Though these are not grades, the testing authority will send them to the universities you apply to along with the grades so that they can judge your English proficiency well. To improve your writing skills, write blogs or express your thoughts on platforms like Facebook and LinkedIn. Writing without apprehension is essential to boost your confidence and improve your writing skills. By practicing enough, you are sure to learn better words and ways to write. There are lots of online resources that can help you prepare for the exam. You should sit for the exam confidently. If your preparation is well, nothing will prevent you from getting a good score. You will eventually get admission to your chosen university with the Duolingo English test score.
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2024年11月19日
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[图片]PTE Academic exam tests your academic level in English in four sections: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. This test is intended for students who what to study abroad and also for those who want to apply for a migration visa in Australia or New Zealand. It is also recognized by the U.S. state Boards for Nursing work visa. The speaking and writing sections of this exam are done together.

Tips for improving listening skills

To improve listening skills you must set a daily target to listen to authentic English every day. The more you listen, the better your score will be. Here are some tips: • Don't choose something too difficult to listen to that you will not understand. Start at your comfortable level and slowly move towards the more difficult ones. • Listen repeatedly to fully understand the content, and remember the vocabulary and pronunciation. • You can use an online Tone Generator tool to slow down the recordings keeping the original pitch of the speaker. • You should listen to different speakers having various accents. Try listening to speakers from the US, Canada, Australia, Britain, and New Zealand. You must also listen to speakers from non-English countries like India and China. • Listen to popular podcasts like 'Luke's English', 'Better at English', 'Culips Chatterbox', and others. • Maintain a listening diary to take notes on the recordings. You will come across difficult words and can find the meaning later on. Use symbols and abbreviations to take notes quickly. Your notes should be able to tell you about the main topic of discussion, the type of accent the speaker is using, unknown vocabulary, etc. • Before starting the listening section, look at the questions first to know what to expect after listening to the audio clips. If you read the questions first, you can anticipate what you have to listen to. Try to avoid distractions when answering the questions.

Tips for improving speaking

In this section, you will need to demonstrate your capability to speak fluent English. Here are the types of questions you will encounter: • Give a personal introduction. • A text will appear on the screen which you have to read aloud. • After listening to the recording of a sentence, you will have to repeat it. • Describe an image that appears on the screen in detail. • Listen to a lecture and re-tell. • Answer short questions. • Summarize Spoken Text • Essay [图片]You need to develop your confidence before the PTE speaking exam. Here are some tips for you. • Listen actively: Listen to conversations of different types. Write down repeated words, keywords, or difficult words. You can practice listening to podcasts or radio. • In the 'summarize spoken text' section you will listen to the recording only once. So, note down the important keywords that can guide you when summarizing the text. You must speak with a constant flow. Emphasize the keywords and elaborate on them. • You should practice speaking at the right pace; not too fast or not too slow. • In the personal introduction section, you get the opportunity to tell about yourself. Take 25 seconds to prepare what you are about to say. • When introducing yourself tell your name and background (personal, academic, and professional). You should take only 30 seconds to talk about yourself. • Speak in a formal tone with proper pronunciation. • Avoid lengthy sentences. • Speak in a tone that shows that you are confident. • Make sure that the microphone is working properly so that your speech is recorded in the best condition. • In the 'read aloud' part of the test if you make a mistake, don't stop; continue speaking. • Practice tongue twisters to improve your speaking. • To answer the 'repeat section' question try to focus on the keywords. If you can't remember the whole sentence at least talk about the keywords. Try to understand the meaning of the sentence. • Watch pronunciation videos on YouTube to get fluent in speaking. • You must remember that your speaking score depends a lot on correct punctuation and oral fluency. • Avoid irrelevant words. • Pause at points according to punctuation when you are asked to read a text aloud. • In the 'describe image' section, you will get 25 seconds to analyze an image. Right after the image is taken away from the screen, start speaking. Talk about the title of the image first and then describe the various aspects of the image. • Get a partner to practice speaking. You should try every type of question in the speaking section. You need to buy some books to prepare for the listening and speaking tests. You can see videos on the speaking test to learn how to speak to answer each of the test questions. In the listening section, grasping the accent of the speaker can be difficult. You can watch movies to get familiar with the various accents. Listen to audio clips that you will find on many PTE preparation websites. Alternatively, you can join a course too to practice and improve your English skills. Once you score well in the listening and speaking sections of the test, you can expect an overall good score. It's not easy to score high in these sections, but with lots of practice, you can achieve your desired marks.
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2024年11月19日
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[图片]The Cambridge exams include FCE (First Certificate in English), CAE(Certificate in Advanced English), and CPE (Certificate in Proficiency of English). With so many options it can be confusing to decide which exam to take.

The Cambridge English exams

Unlike the TOEFL, IELTS, or TOEIC exams, the FCE, CAE, and CPE are English-specific exams. The vocabulary and grammatical structure in each of these exams are different. The FCE or B2 exam is the upper-intermediate level, the CAE advanced level, and CPE or C2 is the proficiency level exam. You need to get a passing score of at least 60% in these exams. All these exams are accepted by universities, companies, and governments. All these tests demonstrate the proficiency of English of non-native speakers. You should take the FCE exam if you have advanced-level English skills. CAE and CPE are trickier exams. You must assess your current level of English before deciding which exam to take. You can get your English level tested at a language academy. They can take a certain test to find out how good you are in English. The FCE test has two versions: 'for schools' and 'for adult students'. Both the tests have the same format except that the topics are different. The CAE test is appropriate for study, work, or immigration purposes. This test indicates that the person's English level is suitable for academic and professional life. The CPE test is a difficult exam and tests the highest English skill level. The passing score of this exam shows that the candidate can speak English fluently using native-speaker expressions. The prestigious and top educational institutions accept this test.

English Grammar for the FCE, CAE, and CPE tests

Linking word - Conjunctions and linkers - Linking words – Synonyms - Time conjunctions Determiners and Pronouns - Some, any, no, none - Much, many, a lot - A few, a little - Every, each - There, it - Personal pronoun - Reflexive pronoun - Possessive forms - Expressing numbers - Quantifiers - Compound pronouns Relative clauses - Defining and non-defining clauses - Omitting Relative Pronouns Nouns and articles - Uncountable/countable nouns - Subject-verb agreement - Collective Nouns - Definite Article 'THE' - Gender of Nouns - Singular nouns ending in -s Conditionals and unreal past - Unreal Past - Wish (If Only) - Unreal Past - Supposing, It's Time, As If - Would Rather vs (Would) Prefer - First Conditional - Second Conditional - Third Conditional - Mixed Conditionals Adjectives/adverbs/comparison - Other(s), Another - Like vs As - Such, So - Adverb Position - Adverb Order - Adjective Order - Adv/Adj Collocations - Irregular Adjectives Subject, Person - Compound Adjectives - Comparison Sizes and Numbers - Verb patterns - Gerund vs infinitive - Compound Verbs Verb + Preposition - Passive Voice/Causative - Passive Voice (Tenses) - Passive Voice (Agent) - Passive Voice (Agent vs Instrument) - Passive Voice (Questions) - Passive Voice (Personal vs Impersonal) - Passive Voice (Get + Past Participle) - Causative (Tenses) - Causative (Have, make, get) - Causative (Questions) Modal Verbs - Modal Verbs (Present and Future) - Modal Verbs (Must vs Have to) - Modal Verbs (Be able to, can, could) - Modal Verbs (Should, ought to, had better) - Modal Verbs (Logical assumption, possibility) - Modal Verbs (Used to vs Would) - Modal Verbs (Needn't have vs Didn't need to) - Modal Verbs (Synonyms) - Modal Verbs (Functions) Noun + preposition - Compound Nouns Adjective + preposition Prepositional Phrases Prepositions - Prepositions of time - in, on, at - Prepositions (Place - in, on, at ) - Prepositions Common Errors 1) - Prepositions (Common Errors ) - Compound Prepositions1 Tenses - Present Simple vs Continuous - Present Simple vs Continuous (Stative/Active) - Present Simple vs Continuous (Differences) - Past Simple vs Past Continuous (Usage) - Past Simple vs Past Continuous (Time) - Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Continuous (Usage) - Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Continuous (Differences) - Past Tenses (Time Expressions) - Present Perfect (Usage) - Present Perfect (Word Order) - Present Perfect (Have been/gone to/have been in) - Present Perfect (For, Since) - Present Perfect (Yet, Already, Still, Never ...) - Present Perfect vs Past Simple (Time Expressions) - Present Perfect vs Past Simple (Rephrasing) - Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous - Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous - Future Simple vs Going to (Usage) - Future Simple vs Going to (Differences) - Future Continuous (Usage) - Expressing Future - Future Perfect vs Future Perfect Continuous (Differences) - Identifying Tenses Inversion/Emphasis - Inversion (Negative Adverbials) - Inversion (Time Expressions) - Inversion (Only + Time/Preposition) - Inversion (So, Such, Not, Not for) - Inversion (Phrases) - Inversion (Neither/Nor, So, As) - Inversion (Adverbs of Place) - Emphasis (It-Clause Cleft Sentences) - Emphasis (What/All-Pseudo Cleft Sentences) Reported Speech - Reported Speech (Tenses) - Reported Speech (Statements) - Reported Speech (Place and Time) - Reported Speech (Commands, Requests, etc.) - Reported Speech5 (Questions) - Reported Speech6 (Reporting Verbs) - Reported Speech (Verb Patterns) - Reported Speech (Conditionals) - Reported Speech (Modal Verbs) Additional Exercises - Parts Of Speech - Connectors - Contractions - Substitution - Ellipsis/Omission You should do the practice tests of these exams to know how the various topics of grammar are tested. Tenses play an important part in the writing and speaking sections. But you have to also learn how to structure the argument and content. You should be able to use proper phrases and demonstrate your vocabulary skills. You must spend time revising verb patterns, relative clauses, linking words, noun phrases, and others. You will find various grammar books in the market. It is better to rely on multiple grammar books for exam preparation. If self-study isn't your thing, then you can join courses to get a better score on these exams. You should practice questions as much as you can to learn all the grammar techniques. Practicing will also tell you where you are making mistakes. Though the grammar topics of all the exams are similar, you must remember that the higher-level exams CAE and CPE have questions that are harder than those in FCE. So, you must prepare accordingly for the exam.
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2024年11月19日
Testing
[图片]TOEIC is an English proficiency test for non-native speakers to find out whether they can communicate well in English independently in a foreign country. While TOEFL and IELTS tests are aimed at students who want to do further studies in an English-speaking country, TOEIC is for business and employment. So, if you want to work or do business abroad, then you should take the TOEIC test. It has listening, reading, writing, and speaking sections. Though the test is quite easy, the test takers make some common mistakes that affect their test results. Here we will discuss these mistakes and learn how to avoid them.

Not being familiar with the test format

When preparing for the test, the first thing you should do is look at the format and register it in your head permanently. The test has two sections: Reading and listening. The question types of each section are different. If you are not familiar with the format before the test, you will waste a lot of time during the exam figuring out the solution to a question. To avoid this mistake you must do lots of practice tests. That way you will know what to expect at the test. The listening section has four parts: conversations, talks, photographs, and question-response.

Not giving importance to time management

You must remember that it is a time-based exam. You will get limited time to complete all your questions. The candidates often don't manage time properly during the exam and so end up not completing the questions. The worst part of this is that they often leave out questions whose answers they know. To avoid such mistakes you must do timed practice tests. Have a stopwatch ready and see how long it takes you to answer the questions. Remember that the Reading section has 100 questions which you must complete in 75 minutes. The listening section also has 100 questions which you must complete in 45 minutes. Practice completing each section within the allotted time.

Not improving vocabulary

Many candidates think that they have enough vocabulary in their store and so they don't need to improve it. They are thinking in the wrong direction. If you have a limited vocabulary then you won't understand many of the questions asked during the exam. This test covers diverse topics; so not knowing enough words can be a disaster. You must practice new words every day. When you come across a new word, don't just memorize it. Try to write it in a sentence so that you can easily recall the word later. You should learn the synonyms and antonyms. Using flashcards is a smart move toward learning new words. [图片]

Neglecting grammar

Though you won't have direct grammatical questions in this test, you must know the ins and outs of English grammar. The examiner will test your grammar skills when you answer the questions. You may end up giving wrong answers in the Reading section if you have poor grammatical knowledge. Before the exam, you should review the grammar rules from a good English grammar book.

Translating everything to the native language

Many people try to translate everything into their native language before answering any question. This process can be time-consuming and may lead to giving wrong answers. You must improve your English thinking skills so that you don't have to rely on translating.

Not practicing the listening section

You can get a lower score if you don't practice the listening section enough. You should listen to news, songs, and podcasts regularly before the exam to improve your listening skills. Remember that the accent can vary from person to person. You should be able to understand any accent. Instead of focusing on a few words you must look at the whole picture. That way you will find it easier to understand the context.

Giving random answers

As it's a multiple-choice test, many people tend to guess the answers, especially when there isn't much time left. But this strategy can lower your chances of getting the answer right. Instead of random guessing, you should use techniques like elimination strategies. If you have to guess, make an educated guess and not a random one. Look out for the main idea and focus on the purpose of the conversations.

Rushing into answers

Though there is a time limitation, you shouldn't rush into answers. You must take the time to answer and review them. Reviewing decreases the chance of giving wrong answers or missing out on answering any question.

Not properly reading instructions

No matter how many times you have done practice tests at home, you should read the questions carefully in the exam hall. Some questions ask you to write two answers, for example. So, if you don't read the instructions then you might miss out on answering a question properly.

Rushing through speaking and writing tests

In the TOEIC exam, the speaking and writing sections are given together. If you are sitting for the speaking test then don't rush to your answers. Take some time to understand the question and plan your answer. When answering questions in the writing section, focus on the opening, body, and closing of your content.

Be stressed before the exam

You shouldn't be stressed right before the exam. This will affect your performance and you will get a poor score. Try to sleep well the night before so that you have a clear head before you go to the exam hall. You should practice relaxing techniques to get rid of stress and anxiety. You can try doing yoga or meditation. Deep breathing exercises are also helpful. By knowing the common mistakes that people make when taking the TOEIC exam, you can increase your chance of getting a high score. By remembering these tips you can avoid simple mistakes in the TOEIC exam. Remember that there will be questions whose answers you may not know. But by avoiding these mistakes you can ensure that you answer the known questions correctly.
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Testing
2024年11月19日
Testing
[图片]Like TOEFL, IELTS is also a test to know your level of English. But unlike TOEFL, there are two types of IELTS exams; General Training an the other is Academic.

IELTS writing

In this section, you must write an essay on a given topic. By knowing how the essay is marked, you can change your strategy to impress the examiner. You must link your ideas before starting your essay. So, the ideas must be coherent. You should use various vocabularies to demonstrate your language-related skills. The examiners expect that you will not only use rich vocabulary in writing but also use various grammatical structures properly. When practicing IELTS writing, make sure to time your essay and count the number of boxes in the report. As a rule of thumb, you should spend 5 to 10 minutes reading the question and planning the answer. Then make the first draft within the next 20 minutes. Lastly, after you have written the final version of the essay, you must proofread it. After you have written the outline of the essay, you must expand each idea by using connected words, like, 'therefore' to connect multiple ideas. You can also provide more information by using words like 'also' or 'furthermore'. In this type of writing task, you can compare two ideas as well. After writing the essay you must edit and proofread it. While writing the essay mark or write areas of improvement. For example, if your sentences are too long then you can shorten them with different use of words or grammatical structure.

Difference between the writing section in the General Testing and Academic sections

In both the General Training and the Academic sections of IELTS, you have to do two tasks.

General Testing Writing Task 1

includes writing a formal, informal, or semi-formal letter.

Academic Writing Task 1

includes preparing a report, table, pie chart, line graph, bar chart, and other forms of graphs.

Tips for writing letter in General Testing Task 1

• An informal letter is for someone you know personally. The content of the letter is not serious. In a semi-formal letter, you write to someone you know personally but about a serious matter such as work. In a formal letter, you address someone you don't know personally about a serious matter. • Letters about applications, resignations, complaints, requests, and arrangements are formal. Letters relating to invitations and explanations are semi-formal. Information, apology, and explanation are usually informal letter topics. • Your letter must cover all the points mentioned in the question. • You must pay attention to the opening and closing lines. You must craft each paragraph carefully as well. • Depending on whether the letter you are writing is formal, informal, or semi-final, you need to change the style and tone of the letter. • It is recommended that you write a minimum of 200 words. • Don't take more than 20 minutes to complete this task as it comprises only 33% of the entire writing test. Spend about 3 to 4 minutes planning the letter and make sure you keep 2 minutes in hand to proofread the letter for spelling and grammatical mistakes. • It is not required to write the address on the letter. You can start with "Dear….". • You should understand who the recipient of the letter will be so that you can set the tone and style of the letter according to your relationship with that person. For example, if you are writing to your instructor, then the tone of the letter will be a bit formal compared to a letter intended for a friend. • Look closely to the aim and purpose of the letter and plan your letter accordingly. • For each bullet point mentioned in the question, have one paragraph. • Use your imagination to come up with the names you will mention in the letter and the information you will provide. • Always sign off the letter properly.

Academic Task 1 Report

• You are required to analyze a table, graph, chart, diagram, or map. • You should highlight and represent key features. • The number of words in your report should be more than 150. • You should take more than 20 minutes for this task. [图片]

IELTS Writing Task 2

There are minor differences between writing task 2 of General Testing and Academic writing. These are mentioned below: • The essay question of General Testing is easier than Academic. • The essay topics of the General Testing are common like family, society, school, communication, etc. Academic essay writing topics are more serious, like space exploration. • In both the General Testing and Academic writing you get one of the following types of essays: o Opinion essay o Solution essay o Discussion essay o Advantages/disadvantages of essay o Direct question essay • You can score bands 2 to 5 in task 2 of both types of IELTS. As the time is limited, it is recommended that you start with Task 2 first as it contains more marks. It also takes longer to finish. You must avoid some informal writing practices like using abbreviations, cliches, slang, redundant words, and first or second person. Try to use different words in your writing, because the examiner would like to know how strong is your vocabulary. Use both simple and complex sentences in your writing tasks. You must read lots of books and magazines to improve your writing. Practice writing on diverse topics. Do some research on the topic online. This way you will learn new things about a specific topic. Try to learn new words every day to strengthen your vocabulary. For the Task 1 of Academic IELTS, practice the past papers. It will be beneficial for you to study with a partner. That way you can provide feedback to each other and discuss how to improve your writing. It is not that difficult to score high on the writing section of General Testing and Academic IELTS. Just practice as much as you can before the exam and get a good grasp of it.
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[图片]When non-native students decide to study abroad in an English-speaking country, they must demonstrate their capability to speak, write, and read English properly. This is necessary to understand that they will have a good learning experience and will be able to live independently in a foreign land. The TOEFL is an exam to test a student's English in academic settings so that they can do well in their university-level courses. You need to take TOEFL to get admission to universities in the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the UK, other European countries, and many Asian countries. You must score around 90 to get admission; however, scores above 100 are considered good scores in TOEFL. You will be tested on your reading, speaking, writing, and listening capabilities. To do well in this exam, you need to follow some strategies. Here are some tips for you.

Get familiar with the exam format

You can avoid nasty surprises on the day of the test if you know the format of the TOEFL test well. Look at the structure and pattern of each section. This way you will know what type of question to expect on the day of the test.

Prepare for the test in advance

You will be in trouble if you wait till the last minute to prepare for the exam. Even if the exam questions seem easy, you need to practice a lot to get a high score. You should make weekly goals and set up a daily routine to improve your English.

Use good learning materials

Do some research to find a couple of the best books on TOEFL. You can find various online resources like tips, blogs, and practice tests to prepare for the exam.

Include both active and passive learning

You should include English in your daily activities. When you are reading a grammar book or taking a practice test, you are learning actively. But when you are listening to football commentaries on the radio, you are learning passively. So, try both.

Preparing for the reading section

The reading section is a difficult one. You will need to read a couple of long passages to answer several questions. To understand the reading extract that will be provided in the test, you must read as much as possible. Don't read only topics that interest you. Try different kinds of writing to understand how sentences are structured. One of the major challenges that the students face in this section is that they need to read the passages within a short time. You may not get enough time to read the passages line-by-line. So, you must use some proven reading techniques. For example, look out for the main ideas in the passage first by reading the first lines of each paragraph. That way you will know where to find answers and also get a summary about the passage topic. Without extensive practice, it is not possible to do well in TOEFL. So, take out the past question papers and solve the questions. You can join a coaching center also to help you with the reading preparation.

Preparing listening section

Listen more

You must listen to English all the time. You can listen to news, radio programs, or music. The music lyrics are often confusing to understand because of the words the lyricists choose or the way they are pronounced by the singers. So, listening to songs can be a good exercise to practice for the listening section of TOEFL. You can also watch movies to listen to the dialogue.

Listen to different accents

Though all the English-speaking countries speak English, their accents vary considerably. Some accents are so difficult to understand that it will leave you thinking whether you are actually listening in English. Seeing British, Hollywood, Australian, or Canadian movies can help you get acquainted with the various accents. You can also listen to audiobooks.

Try to catch signal words and expressions

It may not be possible for you to remember everything that is said in the audio conversation. So, you must pay attention to the signal words and expressions to provide a general understanding of the context of the talk. These words will help you to find the links or relationships between several ideas. Look out for connecting words like 'for instance', 'furthermore', and others that change the mood or course of the talk.

Practice listening exercise

Like the reading section, you must keep on practicing the listening section of TOEFL. This way you will become familiar with the format of the questions in this section. Once you know the pattern of questions to expect, you will feel confident on the exam day. [图片]

Preparing for the Speaking section

Do you feel nervous when speaking English? Then you must practice speaking in front of your friend or family member. If that's not possible, then practice talking in front of the mirror, record your talk, and self-review. You should note down the oral expressions. The best advice regarding speaking tests is to practice with a native speaker. That way you will understand your flaws and learn how to improve. When practicing, don't feel embarrassed if you make any mistakes. Think of it as an opportunity to learn. Before the TOEFL exam try to speak with your friends and family members in English.

Preparation for the writing section

It is better to read something first and summarize the main points rather than writing about a topic from scratch. You must enrich your vocabulary by learning new words every day. You can use the flashcard technique to remember new words. Show your practice writing to an English teacher to get feedback. When you give practice tests, time your test. You must complete all the answers on time. You will find books that teach you different techniques to answer TOEFL questions. For example, you will learn how to find the meaning of a word you are unfamiliar with. These tricks can save you from getting bad grades.
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[图片]Social media has revolutionized our lives. It has impacted our learning experiences as well, including the English language. You will notice that people communicate in a very informal way on social media. Social media platforms encourage using a conversational tone.

Globalization of English

Social media has allowed people of different cultures to communicate in English. So, English has become the most common and popular language around the world. Most of the content on social media is in English.

Vocabulary

Social media has given rise to new terms like 'trending', viral', 'selfie', etc. Image-based communication is now popular due to the social media platforms Instagram and Snapchat. 'Craptacular' or 'Amazeballs' compound words are introduced. Vocabulary appropriation is also prominent in social media. A word with a particular meaning is given another meaning in the social media. For example, 'wall' normally means 'boundary of a house'; but in social media 'wall' refers to your homepage on your social media profile. Formation of blended words using names of two people is also very common today; for example, 'Brangelina' is formed from 'Brad' and 'Angelina'. You will come across acronyms like 'DM' (direct message), 'FOMO' (Fear of Missing Out), 'TBT' (Throwback Thursday), LOL (laugh out loud), OMG (Oh my God), TTYL (talk to you later), and more. Here are some new words that have been added to the dictionary; it is presumed that these words have originated in social media platforms. These include: * air punch (an act of thrusting one's clenched fist up into the air, typically as a gesture of triumph) * bro hug (man hug) * baller (impressive) * amazeballs (amazing) * YOLO (you only live once) * spit take (an act of suddenly spitting out liquid one is drinking in response to something funny or surprising) * binge watch (watch multiple episodes of something like a TV program in one sitting) * live tweet (post comments about 'an event' on Twitter while the actual event is taking place) * tech-savvy (proficient in the use of modern technology) [图片]

Emojis and emoticons

These are linguistic tools that have made communication simple and short. These tools are used to express emotions in the shortest and most effective way. For example, if you like someone's profile picture on Facebook, send a 'thumbs up' emoji. It tells that you like the photo. You are connected to a lot of people on social media from different cultures. You can easily communicate with them using a common language like emojis. These save time as they are short ways of expressing thoughts. It lowers the ambiguity in language as symbols have only one meaning. The best way of learning something is by practicing it daily. Without emojis, the younger generation would have to type longer sentences to express feelings they could have easily summarised using an emoji. This way, they would gain experience using more words in their vocabulary, thus improving their language skills. Using emojis has disadvantages as well. People now use fewer words in conversations than before. So, their vocabulary is not improving. They will have trouble writing or communicating formally as they no longer practice such content. Hashtags are used to categorize content. They are a form of social commentary. Hashtags represent how powerful social media is in driving social change.

Educational implications

The educators are including social media elements in their teaching approaches. They are accepting informal language, emojis, etc. Some challenges are also present due to social media in this regard. Informal languages can be confusing. The learners are deprived of learning formal English. We have to be responsible for the use of language ethically on the social media platform. Issues like hate speech, cyberbullying, and misinformation are very prominent here. You must understand that the words you use on social media can have a huge impact on a person's emotions. You have to show respect to others and promote positive content. Don't make social media an unhealthy environment of communication. You can turn social media into a playground for creating new words and experimenting with various good thoughts to contribute positively to society. It's a great medium for expressing your thoughts without worrying too much about syntax and grammar.
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[图片]Though inappropriate, slang words are used in most cultures. These words are variations of the original language in terms of spelling, pronunciation, and sometimes meaning. You cannot use these words in a formal setting. But these words are very common among friends and close ones and are used in casual conversation to indicate wit, sarcasm, criticism, playful mockery, and euphemism. These words are often formed with simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or euphemism.

American slang vs. British slang

You will find lots of slangs in both American an British language. Here are some common ones with meanings.

American slang

• Get their goat – To make someone irritated or angry. • Spill the beans – To reveal secret information about someone. • Pass the buck – To shift responsibility to someone else. • Take a rain check – Used to decline an offer politely. • Feeling blue – To express extreme sadness or depression. • Bail – To cancel plans/leave abruptly. • Couch potato – Someone who avoids physical exercise and spends most of their time sitting. • Buck – One dollar. • Drive up the wall – To annoy or irritate. • For real – Truthful or honest. • Hyped – Overly excited. • Hang out – To spend time in a social setting. • Keep it real – To be true to yourself. • Jacked – Stolen. • No biggie – Not a big deal. • Give it a shot – To try something. • Outta here; – To leave quickly. For the birds: worthless, meaningless, useless. Jonesing: have a strong desire or craving for something.

British slang

Bits and bobs: various random things. Taking the Mickey: to make fun of someone, to tease them a lot. Bob's Your Uncle emphasizes how easily something can be completed or achieved. Gutted: When you feel extremely disappointed or upset that something has happened. Dull as dishwater: Something extraordinarily boring. Gutted – To be disappointed. Does what it says on the tin – Expected performance. Cheap and cheerful – Budget-friendly. Bog-standard – Ordinary, monotonous. Curtain-twitcher – Nosy neighbour. Nicked – Stolen. Cheerio – Goodbye. Effing and blinding – Cursing. Full of beans – Energetic and vibrant. For crying out loud – Used to express one's irritation or impatience. Flogging a dead horse – To try to solve a problem whose solution doesn't exist. Hammered – Drunk. Keep your hair on – Used to tell someone to calm down when they unnecessarily get too angry or excited. Put a sock in it – Shut up. Wee – Small/tiny. Dodgy - something or someone is suspicious. Gobsmacked - utterly shocked Taking the piss- to mock Pissed - drunk A cuppa - a cup of tea. Git - a person who is very unpleasant. Sod - thing or devil. Muppet: someone ignorant and clueless. Buzzin' - slightly drunk. Innit - isn't it? [图片]

Meaning

Term British Slang American Slang
Geezer A man A derogatory term used for old men
Trainer Sneakers, shoes Fitness expert
Jumper A sweater Someone who is attempting to jump from a height
Rubber Eraser Contraceptive
Casket Jewellery or antique box Coffin
Chips Similar to french fries Thinly sliced potato crisps
Biscuit Cookie Buttery bread
Chaps Men Leather leggings worn during horseriding
The season when it starts to get cold Autumn Fall
Rear storage in the car Boot Trunk
Delighted Chuffed Pleased
Beautiful Fit Fine
Pissed Drunk Angry
Bog Public bathroom Muddy grounds
Fill someone in Assault someone Give someone the details
By knowing the slang used regularly in the community, you will understand how language is evolving. Slangs make the English language more humous and enjoyable. However, it poses challenges for non-native English speakers as they are most likely not familiar with the slang. One way to stay up-to-date with the latest slang is to watch movies, read literature, and listen to music. You can look into the online resources as well. Practicing speech with native speakers can help you learn slang properly.
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[图片]Many businesses today have global connections. Some businesses may hire people from different cultures and others may have foreign investors or suppliers. There are businesses that have multiple offices in different countries. Whatever might be the case with you, it is important to know the cultural differences in Business English. Though the main medium of communication is English in these companies, there are cultural differences in the use of the language. Here are some of the differences you must know about.

Addressing someone

To many people, it can be a minor concern how to address someone. But others consider it to be a major topic for debate. In some cultures, for example, a person who has a doctorate degree can write 'Dr.' in front of his or her name. But in other cultures, it is inappropriate to include the 'Dr.' title unless you are a medical practitioner. The Latin Americans and Continental Europeans like to be addressed by their titles, like 'Mr.' or "Ms.' followed by their title when they meet someone for the first time in a business environment. On the contrary, the British and Americans like a more informal approach and would prefer to be addressed by their first name. You can find out about their preference for addressing a person by observing how they talk to others. You can also ask them directly what they prefer.

Smiling

We normally smile when we meet someone. It's a friendly and welcoming gesture in the USA, UK and Australia. However, in Russia, it is considered to be insincere and suspicious. There is also a popular proverb in Russia that says ''laughing without reason is a sign of idiocy'. In Switzerland, Malaysia, China, and Germany people who smile are considered to be intelligent. But in Japan, South Korea, Russia, and Iran smiling people are conceived to be less intelligent. Interestingly, in India, Maldives, and Argentina, smiling people are associated with being dishonest.

Eye contact

In UK or USA making direct eye contact when speaking indicates that you are paying full attention to what the person is saying. But in Korea or Japan, it's considered to be awkward or disrespectful. In Africa or South America, doing eye contact means you are challenging the authority. In the Middle East, eye contact between opposite genders is considered to be inappropriate and may mean being dishonest.

Direct vs. indirect

In high-context culture, communication is indirect. Much is said through body language and gestures. Relationships and mutual understanding are given more preference than words. In low-context culture, on the other hand, communication is clear and direct. People say what they need explicitly.

Hierarchical structure

Countries like China, Japan, and Brazil prefer that young employees treat the more older and experienced ones with respect. But in the USA more preference is given to equality and individualism, rather than age. Here the young employees get an equal chance to express their views just like the older ones. [图片]

Negotiation styles

In Japan, people value the power of silence; that is, they negotiation quietly. But in other cultures, it is very loud. There are countries where people prefer negotiations to take place over lunch or other casual setting rather than in a boardroom.

Time management

In Argentina, time management is not that important. For example, if a patient is late for the appointment then the doctor is expected to be waiting for the patient. In Germany, there is no scope to be late for any meeting. Not knowing the culture of time management can lead to misunderstanding in business.

Work-life balance

In Canada, it is not a custom to work long hours. But in countries like Israel, working late hours is common. In some cultures, it is alright to call a colleague after work hours. But in other cultures, it is considered to be inappropriate.

Attitudes towards risk

Some cultures are more risk-averse than the others, like people in Japan, France, Mexico, and Brazil. But in the USA, Australia, and the UK, taking risks is common.

Dress code

Some cultures are strict about maintaining dress codes at the workplace. They expect you to be in formal dress. But in other cultures, you can come to the office in jeans and sandals.

Briber and gift-giving

In the USA, giving gifts is appreciated, but not expected in a business setting. Whereas, in China and Sweden, it is considered to be rude not to bring any gift to a business deal. There are other cultures in which gift-giving is seen as a form of bribery.

Decision-making

In some cultures, it is inappropriate to challenge the decision of the authority. But in other cultures, everyone's opinion is equally considered.

Conflict resolution

It is inappropriate to raise a voice to settle matters in some cultures. In the USA, it is alright to bring a lawyer or mediator to resolve conflicts. You must deal with cultural differences in business properly to understand your own culture and that of others. You must understand that cultural differences in international business can have a great impact on business outcomes. You should try to develop cultural awareness in your organization so that multicultural teams can work in collaboration. Knowing and adapting to cultural differences can help you work smoothly with local partners. You can have a good relationship with the local suppliers to ensure smooth business operations.
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