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11月19日
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[图片]The British are very polished when it comes to etiquette. Rules often govern their everyday life, but they don't mind. As they had a strong connection to various social classes, several rules of etiquette had evolved over the years. These were meant to make their lives classier.

Reserved attitude

They are more reserved than the Americans. They don't become too friendly when they first meet you. They maintain their spaces.

Don't ask personal questions

They also don't ask any personal questions like weight, age, relationship status, or salary.

Punctuality

Punctuality is very important in British culture. You will be considered to be rude to keep someone waiting. So, they are never late for any business or medical appointments or social events, like weddings. So, if you giving an interview at a British company, or visiting a doctor in England then you must arrive at the venue 5 to 10 minutes early to minimize the risk of being late. However, arriving too early at a social gathering is also considered to be rude as the host will be preparing to welcome the guests.

Giving gifts

At a British dinner party, it is expected for the guest to bring a gift for the host. It can be a bouquet of flowers, wine, or chocolate. When giving gifts to someone, leave the price tag so that the person knows how much you have spent on the gift. This act is a way of telling them how much to spend when they give you a gift.

Table manners

You must use cutlery to eat food at a lunch or dinner party. Using hands will be considered to be inappropriate. You must take the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left. You must point the prongs downwards and push the food backward with the knife. You shouldn't start eating once your food is served. You should wait for others to be served. It's polite to start eating after your host. To get an item on the table, don't reach over someone's plate; instead, ask that person to pass over the dish to you. While eating, you shouldn't keep your elbows leading on the table. It is considered rude to make any sound while eating. Actions like slurping, yawning, or talking with food in the mouth are very inappropriate in British culture. You must keep electronic devices like phones away when you are having dinner.

Basic social manners

• The British love politeness when speaking to someone. So, say 'thank you' and 'please' whenever possible, even for minor favors like passing on your drink or giving you the changes after buying something from the shop. • If you are walking in a non-crowded place and you see someone coming then smile and greet that person. • You shouldn't turn up at someone's home without informing them in advance unless that person is a close family member or friend. • Whenever you enter someone's house, take your shoes off and compliment their home. • Don't spend time with your smartphone when you visit someone; engage in some kind of conversation. • After dinner or lunch, clean the table and offer to do the dishes when you visit someone. • Don't overstay at someone's place as you know that the person won't be able to go to bed unless you leave. • It is considered a good manner to stand when a person enters the room or holds the door open for a lady. [图片]

Queuing

It's a joy to watch the British people standing in a queue. They will maintain a neat and orderly queue when waiting to get into a venue or to board public transport. It is considered to be an offense to break a queue.

Apologies

Just as often they say 'please' and 'thank you', they also apologize without any hesitation for their mistakes. They will also apologize even if it is not their fault. Don't be surprised to see more than one person apologize for an incident.

Complaints

It is an irony that even after being such a polite citizen they enjoy complaining about different things. They will find ways to complain about little things like weather, grocery prices, and other things. They will complain openly if they are not satisfied with the product or service they bought.

Use of slang

Despite being polite, the British use slang in their language often. They use terms like 'cheeky', 'cuppa', 'cheers, etc. which are not proper English terms.

Tipping

Tipping the waiter, taxi driver, or anyone giving you service is a common practice in Britain. When you are dining in a restaurant, check your bill. If it doesn't include the service charge then you can give a tip equivalent to 10% of your bill or any amount you desire.

Greetings and meetings

When you meet someone in a formal or informal setting you should greet that person with a firm handshake, a smile, and direct eye contact. Double-cheek kiss is only appropriate for the close ones. As the British are very polite, you won't notice them insulting anyone very often. They don't point out someone's flaws. They don't comment on how fat or slim they are. British etiquette and manner are a blend of tradition and consideration of others. There are good things to learn from their culture as many other cultures lack them. It is a good thing to be nice to people and learn the proper manners from a young age. That way a person can comfortably carry out the proper etiquette in any environment. You must not forget that your etiquette and manner say a lot about your family and teachings. So, always try to maintain socially accepted behavior and kindness when you are around people.
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[图片]People in both the US and UK speak English. However, you will be surprised to see how different their English-speaking cultures are. They differ in style, grammar, spelling, vocabulary, humor, accent, etc. The history of this language is quite interesting. When the first settlers came from England to America, they brought the common language called rhotic speech. But in the wealthy cities of the UK in the south, the higher-class people wanted to feel different than the others and they started changing the rhotic speech to a much soft 'r' sound, like 'winter' as 'wint-tuh' and not 'win-terr'. This new speech was called 'received pronunciation' and everyone in the south of England started copying it. You will notice that people outside the south of England still use rhotic pronunciation. Those who live in London use the posh English. British English is heavily influenced by French. You will notice French-style spelling and words in British English. The spelling and choice of words in the UK and US dictionaries are different.

US vs UK English in terms of linguistics

The US and UK English differ in vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, and grammar. Here are some differences that you must know.

Vocabulary

US English UK English
apartment flat
attorney solicitor
college university
candy sweets
cookie biscuit
elevator lift
gas petrol
parking lot car park
truck lorry
trunk boot
French fries chips
Cotton candy candyfloss
Garbage rubbish
Pants Trousers
Hood bonnet
Vacation holiday
Sweater jumper
Sneakers trainers
Mailbox postbox
Drugstore chemist
Soda fizzy drink
Store shop

Spelling

• Past tense words that end with T in UK English usually end with an 'ed' in US English; eg. 'burnt' in UK English and 'burned' in US English. • Words that end with 'ence' in UK English end with 'ense' in US English; eg. 'defence' in the UK and 'defense' in US English. • Words with 'ise' in UK English are 'ize' in US English; eg. 'organise' in the UK and 'organize' in US English. • Words with 'ou' in UK English are spelled 'o' in US English; eg. 'colour' in the UK is 'color' in US English. • Words with 'our' in UK English, like 'flavour' is spelled 'or' in US English, like 'flavor'. • Words with 'yse' in UK English, like 'analyse' spelled as 'yze' in US English, like 'analyze'. • In UK English, 'travel' or 'cancel' becomes 'travelling' or 'cancelling'. In the US English, they become 'traveling' or 'canceling'; that is, one 'l' instead of two. • In UK English 're' is used in 'centre' and 'fibre'. In US English they are spelled as 'center' and 'fiber'. • In UK English 'ogue' is used instead of 'og'; eg. 'dialogue' in UK English becomes 'dialog' in US English. [图片]

Grammar

Collective nouns: In UK English collective nouns can be either singular or plural in a sentence. That is both the sentences "The family is going…." and "The family are going…" are correct. But in US English, collective nouns are always singular. Prepositions: At/on - I went there at the weekend. (UK) - I went there on the weekend. (US) To/through - I work Monday to Friday. (UK) - I work Monday through. (US) To/than - My situation is different from yours. (UK) - My situation is different than yours. (US) Verb In UK English, you can use both 'have' and 'take' with nouns such as 'holiday' or 'shower'. For example, "I'm going to take a shower or have a shower." In the US English only 'take' is used with these nouns. Present perfect To talk about something that happened in the recent past with an effect on the present, the present perfect tense is used in UK English. But in the US English, simple past tense is used. Eg. 'I have lost my car, can you please help?' (UK) 'I lost my car, can you please help?' (US) Dates In the UK, dates are written in 'day/month/year' format. But in the US, it's written in the 'month/day/year' format. Offers or suggestions In UK English 'shall' is used and 'can' is used. Example: 'Shall I get you something?' (UK) 'Can I get you something?' (US) Future plans In UK English 'shall' is used for referring to future plans and in US English 'will' is used instead. Example: 'I shall be available at 8 o'clock.' (UK) 'I will be available at 8 o'clock.' (US)

Pronunciation

Consonant sounds The /r/ sound In UK English, if 'r' comes after a vowel in the exact syllable then 'r' is not pronounced; eg. 'far', 'market', etc. In US English 'r' is pronounced strongly in this case. The /t/ sound In US English, when 't' comes before a weak vowel and after a stressed vowel, it changes to a blend of 't' and 'd'; eg. 'butter' or 'water'. In UK English, these sound like the normal 't' sound. /ɒ/ vs. /ɑ/ In UK English, words like "dog," and "pot" are pronounced with the /ɒ/ sound. It is pronounced with a slightly rounded mouth. In US English, the /ɑ/ (the short "o") sound.

US vs UK English in terms of communication style

The way US and UK English speakers talk is different. Here we will talk about some of the differences.

Direct or indirect

The Americans are very expressive. They are direct in communication. But the British people say things indirectly as if there's hidden meaning in them. For example, if your boss says that your idea is 'interesting', then in US English it will really be 'interesting' but in UK English it will mean 'not good'.

Body language

In both communication styles, personal space matters. The Americans made more eye contact and stronger handshakes than the Brits.

Humor

The Brits use sarcasm in humor. They find humor in as serious a topic as 'death' also. They also show no emotion when telling jokes.

Owning mistakes

The Americans own mistakes. You will hear many companies talk openly about their failure and what they learned from it. But the British consider mistakes as 'shame'.

Social interaction

The Americans are very friendly and open, even with strangers. The British people, on the other hand, are more reserved, especially in initial interaction. You must listen carefully to both British and American English to know the differences. Try reading a book written by a British author and compare it with one written by an American author. You will also notice the language difference when you watch a British movie vs a Hollywood movie.
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[图片]You will find English-medium institutions in almost every country. Why is it necessary to study in an English-medium institution when you can do things in your local language? The main reason is that businesses and jobs are no longer limited to the local area. People can now do jobs or study remotely. So, they can be staying in Argentina, for example, and doing a job for a company located in England. To communicate with the client, you need to learn English. People also prefer going for higher studies in English-speaking countries. So, if you are good at English, you will be in an advantageous position. Most professional books are written in English, like engineering, law, or medical books. If the teachers conduct the classes in English then it will be easy for the students to understand the subject better. By giving lectures in English, the teachers also help the students to improve their English speaking skills.

Benefits of English in the education sector

The governments of many countries have endorsed English as part of basic education. If you know English, you will be able to connect to people all over the world. It will result in social mobility. Here are some benefits of English in the teaching and education sector.

Learn other languages easily

English helps to learn other languages more comfortably. If children can learn English at an early age then it will be easier for them to learn other languages. The grammar and syntax they learn help them to grasp new languages quickly.

Improve reading

The best books and magazines are published in English. Even most blogs that you find online are written in English. You can get exposure to a lot of reading materials when you know English. It is very difficult to build vocabulary. By practicing reading, you can make your vocabulary stronger. You will come across many new words and learn their uses in various contexts.

Improve critical thinking skills

Learning English requires a lot of critical thinking. So children can improve their analytical ability by learning English. They can even break down complex words to find their meaning.

Boost writing skill

In your professional life, you will have to write many content including email, marketing material, brochure content, business agreement, and others. You will know how to use the right words in each type of content. You will be able to write reports and articles smoothly.

Digital communication

People now rely on digital communication for personal and professional reasons. It is now easy to stay in touch with family members and friends using social media platforms, email, or apps like WhatsApp. Not many people know how to type in their native language. So, if you know English you can easily type your message and share your feelings. In the professional field also, you can communicate through email and other apps. So, English is essential for digital communication in business.

For travel

If you want to study abroad or go on a business trip, you need to know English. In planes, hotels, and restaurants, English is the most spoken language. You even have to talk to the tour operators in English. If you want to ask directions in a foreign country you must do so in English.

Medical needs

Most medical terms used widely are in English. So, if you have studied Science in English then you will understand the basic medical conditions that the doctors talk about. You can also communicate with doctors in another country and decide on a better treatment option.

Enjoy movies and songs

English movies are popular in the entire world So, by knowing English from school you can enjoy watching some of the best movies. You can also enjoy listening to your favorite singers and understand the lyrics.

Higher education and research

For higher education, you need to know good English. Most books are in English and your advisor will most likely communicate with you in English. If you want to study in Englishspeaking countries, then you will need to demonstrate your English speaking, listening, and writing abilities by scoring well in different exams such as TOEFL or IELTS. [图片]

Things teacher teaches you in English class

You learn grammar and new words in English so that you can express your thoughts easily when preparing reports or writing blogs. Here are the things the English teachers teach you. Synonyms/antonyms Phrases and Expressions Linking words Parts of speech Pronouns Articles Modal Comparative/superlative words Active and passive voice Direct and Indirect Speech Conditionals Simile Metaphor Personification Alliteration Idioms All these are important parts of English grammar. If you know how to use them in sentences, you will be able to craft wonderful writing pieces. You must enrich your vocabulary by learning a few new words every day. You should communicate with others in English to develop your speaking skills. Participating in debates and other competitions will help to improve your English skills and make you confident. Attend meetings and seminars to see how good speakers talk in English and learn from them. Having English in the teaching and education sector benefits everyone. It also creates new scopes for the teachers to boost their teaching career. Nowadays, you will notice teachers conducting online classes or videos that are seen by viewers throughout the world. This wasn't possible if the teacher didn't give a lecture in English. In the education sector, English plays a vital role in shaping young people's lives.
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In marketing, content is everything today. Businesses can flourish by adopting content marketing. A marketing or sales representative is responsible for providing product and service information to customers. They are also responsible for answering company-related questions. There professionals must use persuasive language to convince others that the company products or services are better than that of the competitors. [图片]

Use of English in marketing

Good English content is necessary for company brochures, social media platforms, websites, and marketing materials like print or web advertisements. Marketing materials are short and clean. The content should communicate the best features and make the company stand apart from others in the market. Marketing professionals use English for communicating via different channels like social media, SMS, or email. The presence of a website is vital for any organization today. You can sell products or services through an e-commerce site as well. All the contents of the website should be in English. The marketing professionals often provide promotional messages within the website. These messages must be very persuasive and informative.

Common English terms used in marketing and advertising

Here are some common terms that are used in marketing and advertising. Customer/client: Someone who buys a product or service. Logo: a symbol that represents the brand and helps to identify a brand quickly. Slogan: A short statement for promoting the brand. Branding: The way a brand is presented to prospective customers. It includes the colors, fonts, and other things. Brand loyalty: Customers prefer the brand over others and purchase items consistently. Loyal customers are those who stick to the brand all the time. B2B: "Business to Business" sales. B2C: "Business to Consumer" sales. Persona: A fictional character created by marketers to reflect the interests, income, education levels, and spending habits of customers. Ad campaign: A series of related advertisements on a certain theme shown over a limited period. Ad targeting: showing personally relevant ads to individuals as they surf the web or use social media. It uses algorithms to learn about a person's web browsing history and online spending habits. Keywords: Internet search terms. Long-tail keywords: Specific internet search terms longer than three words. Content marketing: Using informative and educational content to develop brand authority. Social media marketing: The promotion of companies, products, or services via social media platforms through customer interaction and engagement. SERPs: The Search Engine Results Pages where a list of websites appear when someone searches information on Google or other search engines. SEO: Search Engine Optimization uses tools like relevant keywords and links to other web pages to increase the likelihood that a website will be shown on the first page of the SERPs. This increases the chance that more people will be visiting the website. PPC: Pay-per-click, a type of interactive online advertising that charges advertisers a small fee when an internet user clicks on a PPC ad. Mailing list: Collections of email addresses from people interested in various topics. A/B testing: Trying out two different versions of an advertisement or email campaign to find out which one is better. Prospect: A potential customer or client. Customer base: A group of customers who regularly buy from the business. Convert: To persuade a prospective customer to buy a product or service. Customer acquisition cost: The average fund required by a company to attract a potential customer and convert them into a paying customer. Cold call: A phone call from a salesperson to a random potential customer who has expressed no previous interest in the brand's products or services. Warm call: A phone call from a salesperson to someone they have already contacted. Lead: A potential customer suggested to the salesperson by another sales professional. Purchase order: A written agreement between a buyer and a seller detailing the type of good, price, and other details. Close: To finalize a deal or a sale. Raw materials: The items needed for manufacturing finished goods. Finished products: Goods after manufacturing that are ready to be sold. Retail: Products sold in small quantities in shops with a high profit margin. Wholesale: Products sold in bulk for a lower price. Landed cost: The full price for bringing a finished product to market. Profit margin: The amount of money a company makes from a sale. Inventory: The supply of finished products available for purchase. Product development: The process of creating products for prospective buyers. Target audience: The people for whom a product was developed. Feedback: Information about a product or service's positive qualities and areas for improvement. Focus group: A set of people in the target audience who agree to give feedback about a product or an ad campaign. Market research: Carefully examining the spending habits of consumers, along with the practices of industry competitors, to create effective business strategies. Benchmarking: Using industry standards to compare the design, quality, and pricing of products or services. Market share: The percentage of sales controlled by a company. Undercutting: Offering goods or services to customers at a significantly lower price than the competition. Market leader: A successful business in a particular industry that is performing better than the competitors. [图片]

Techniques for improving English

For any marketing or sales professional being fluent in English is necessary for a successful career. It will help them to work in the international market. The marketing field is continuously changing. With technological advancement, new marketing strategies are in place. So, as a marketing professional, you must always learn the new marketing and sales terms used in international business. To improve your English, you must enhance your vocabulary. There is nothing better than reading lots of books. You can join professional networks to improve your English. Various online language tools are available to help you learn better English.
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[图片]The customer service professionals are the frontline of your company. They will save your company from any attacks from the clients. They will improve your brand image and showcase you as the best in your field. It is not an easy task to be a customer service professional. As they are the first line of defense for the company, they have to be well-prepared to face any situation. Strong communication skills are essential to be a good customer service professional. Most businesses now have English-speaking clients. Even some native people prefer communicating in English. So, there is no way you can escape learning good English to be good at your role of being a customer service representative. No matter which industry you work for, the skills needed to handle customer queries are similar. However, you need to have industry-specific knowledge to deal with customer inquiries. To be a good customer service representative you must know everything about the company you are working for. You should have the desire to help others. You must also have the patience to handle difficult customers properly. As a customer service representative, you must learn how to communicate in different ways, like direct messaging, phone calls, or emails. Here are some examples of common phrases that customer service professionals should be aware of. 1. Thank you for your inquiry. How may I help you today? 2. I understand your concern and I'm here to help. 3. I apologize for any inconvenience caused. Let me help you. 5. Thank you for bringing this to my attention. I will investigate and get back to you soon. 2. I apologize for any inconvenience caused. Let me find a solution for you. 6. Please let me know if there's anything else I can do for you. 7. I'm sorry for the delay in response. We are working on addressing your query. 9. Thank you for your feedback. We value your suggestion and our authority will consider it. 10. If you have any further questions, feel free to contact me.

Importance of English in customer service

Customer service representatives must be good in English. They must understand the customers' queries and answer properly so that the customers are satisfied. The customers must be able to communicate with the customers regarding any issue they are facing and expect good behavior and assistance from them. As a customer representative, you should know how to answer queries politely and intelligently. There will be situations when you might not know the right information. In such cases, you must tactically hide your weakness or flaw of the company, yet provide the customer with suitable assistance. You should not go about the bush; instead, provide a straightforward solution to customer problems. If you can't give what the customer wants, be truthful and say no politely. A customer service agent must maintain professionalism at all times. Some customers can be very aggressive and they must be handled properly. You, as a customer service professional, shouldn't use any slang or inappropriate language with the customers as it will hurt the company's image. Being well-versed in English gives the benefit of being efficient at work. The representative can understand queries quickly and offer solutions without any delay. Customer satisfaction depends a lot on good customer service. A satisfied customer will buy from you again and will promote your brand to others. Your customer base will increase and eventually, the business will expand. [图片]

English for call center

The concept of a call center is now popular throughout the world. Many companies outsource their customer service to a foreign company to save money and time. So, many customer service representatives are not native English speakers. They need to be highly proficient in English to understand the needs of native speakers and offer them solutions. For a successful call center experience, you need three things: empathy, patience, and clarity. You should empathize with the customer making them realize that you can understand their situation. You must be patient in listening to customer queries and tolerate adverse behavior. You must take time to understand customer problems. As a call center representative, you must be prepared for adverse situations. You might get into a disagreement with the customers regarding certain issues. You can abruptly make the caller angry for some reason. You may also come across an impolite customer. You should apply all the language tactics to calm down the callers and offer them help. To improve your English skills, you can listen to podcasts. You can join different customer service training programs where you will not only learn English but also proper body language to deal with customers every day. You can practice call center scripts or role-play being a customer representative with a friend. You will find lots of online materials like blogs to help you learn the latest trends in customer service. You can also join conferences and seminars of customer service professionals to strengthen your English communication skills. Customer service professionals must be familiar with some common phrases used in their profession. Knowing these phrases will help you to offer assistance, express gratitude, or help in decision-making. Remember that you must be polite at all times and maintain a professional tone when speaking or writing to customers. The clients or customers must feel confident about their dealings with the company after communicating with you. This way you are not only providing excellent customer service but also boosting your brand image.
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The interview is one of the most important steps in securing a job. No matter how strong your resume is if your job interview goes bad then you won't get the job. In a job interview, you must present yourself nicely and confidently. You must answer the questions in English so that the prospective employer knows that you are fit to work in an international environment. Being able to answer job interview questions properly demonstrates your ability to understand the job role and also shows your communication skills. Sometimes the interviewer will not look for the right information, but the way you approach to answering the question. Your thought process shows how you will solve problems and make decisions in the workplace. People tend to study academic books and journals before the job interview to prepare themselves. However, you should know that prospective employers ask some common questions in the job interview. If you can answer those in proper English, you will be halfway towards securing that job position. [图片]

General English interview questions

The hiring manager will ask different types of questions to know about your background, personality, and other traits. Here are some sample questions.

Your experience and qualifications

1. Can you tell me about yourself? 2. Can you describe your relevant work experience? 3. What training do you have that qualifies you for this position? 4. Do you have any management experience? 5. Describe your main responsibilities in your previous job. 6. Do you have experience using software programs? 7. What was the most valuable thing you learned from your previous job? 8. Have you ever served in a leadership role?

Personality

1. How do you organize important tasks? 2. Can you tell me about a time you overcame a challenge? 3. How have you turned a weakness into a strength? 4. What's something that motivates you? 5. What did you like the most about your previous job? 6. What are your weaknesses? 7. What do you do for fun? 8. Are you willing to work overtime? 9. Are you willing to work in a different place?

Job-related questions

1. Do you have any questions about the position? 2. What's your ideal work environment? 3. How can you contribute to the organization if offered the job? 4. What are your salary expectations? 5. What are your career goals for the next five years? 6. Are you willing to travel or relocate for this position? 7. Do you feel collaboration is important in the workplace? How do you wish to do it? [图片]

Sample answers for an interview in English

You can look at these sample answers and craft your answer to impress the hiring managers.

1. Tell me about yourself

In most cases, this will be the first question that you will face in a job interview. You should mention your academic background and work history and focus on the success phases.

2. Why are you interested in this role?

You may be applying for this role to get more salary; however, it might not be the best answer to this question. You should show that you are passionate about the job and can contribute positively to the company. Try to match your experience with the requirements of the job and show them that the role seems to be designed for you.

3. What skills do you have that make you the best candidate for this job?

This is the point where you sell yourself. Think of something you have achieved that might set you apart from the other job candidates. If you have special skills mention those.

4. Where do you see yourself in five years?

You might not have a plan for the future, but you must tell one at the interview. So, demonstrate that you are ambitious and have the willingness to serve this company for a long time.

5. Why do you want to work here?

Before the interview, you must do some research on the company to know about its achievements and recognition. You can use those points to explain why you want to work here.

6. What are your salary expectations?

You should come prepared with a figure for the expected salary. Do some market research to find out how much salary most of the people in this job role are getting in your country. You should also consider the salary you used to get in your previous job role.

7. Why do you want to leave your current job?

Don't say that you are changing jobs because of a problem with your boss or colleague or due to work pressure. The company that is hiring you expects you to collaborate with others well and work as a team. You are expected to meet deadlines; so you should be able to handle the workload.

8. What are your strengths?

This is your chance to make a good impression on the prospective employers. So, use adjectives to describe your strengths backed up by evidence. For example, if you have secured a deal for your company then tell how you have won the negotiation.

9. What are your weaknesses?

The hiring manager won't believe that you don't have any weaknesses. So, come up with one and tell what steps you are taking to overcome it.

10. Do you have any questions about the job?

Don't sit quietly. Ask about the career advancement opportunities, appraisals, and other things to show that you are serious about this job. Remember, that the hiring professionals want to see that you can play a leadership role and be a team player at the same time. They want to know whether you can meet company objectives and help them move forward. So, throughout your interview give them the impression that you have all the qualities required for this job position. Practice answering these questions in front of the mirror or with a friend before the interview to gain confidence.
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In academic writing and research papers, the students or researchers use English that is different from regular conversational English. These writings involve facts, statistics, research findings, and analysis. [图片]

Types of academic writing

There are four types of academic writing: descriptive, persuasive, analytical, and critical. You can use more than one type of academic writing in your thesis work. For example, you will use writing writing for show gaps in the literature review. In the methods section, you will be describing how you have done the research, so it will be of description type. The results section will be both analytical and descriptive. The findings and interpretation parts of the research paper will be persuasive. In descriptive writing, you provide information and facts. In analytical writing, you re-organize information to find relationships. Persuasive writing involves presenting evidence to persuade readers to agree with your conclusion. Critical writing involves considering others' points of view along with yours.

Common vocabularies of academic writing

Here are some common terms used in academic and research papers that you may not know. Typology: a classificatory system for categorizing data. Statistical probability: the possibility of drawing an inference from a sample. Meta-analysis: a statistical technique for combining and integrating the data that is gathered from various experimental studies. Inductive reasoning: a logical process of reasoning for developing more general rules from specific observations. Causal relationship: a relationship between variables where movement in one variable causes movement in the other. Theory: a well-established explanation of a natural phenomenon depending on repeated testing, lots of data, and agreement of a wide group of scientists. Hypothesis: a tentative explanation for a phenomenon used as a starting point for investigation. Research instrument: tools used to collect, measure, and analyze information. These include interviews, questionnaires, and others.

Rules of academic writing

Academic writing must be formal, impersonal, and objective. In academic writing, there is a section called 'abstract' that comes at the beginning of the report. This must be in the past tense as you are writing about your research results. The method section of your research paper must also be in the past tense where you tell how you have conducted the research and using what tools. The introduction and discussion sections should be in the present tense. The results of your statistical analysis and calculations should be in the present tense. When you are referring to tables and graphs in your analysis, write in the present tense. In academic writing use the third person. For example, for instance, instead of "I interpret the results…" write "The results indicate that…" or "We surveyed the literature to find that…." Write "A survey of the literature review revealed that…" Try to use tentative language in academic writing. It provides a convincing argument for your research. For example, instead of writing "Diet is important for your health" write "Statistics suggest that diet is important for your health". Hedging language is sometimes used in academic writing. Examples, are "It may be suggested that" or "You may conclude that". The writer uses this language when he or she is unsure about the claim. It is also called cautious language or vague language. It shows that the writer knows there are some limitations in the research work. [图片]

Ways to improve academic English

There is always room to improve your academic writing skills. You should attend academic conferences where journal articles are presented by the researchers. You will learn how they have done their work and analyze them. You can notice the presentation of their work to see how you can improve yours. By reading lots of research papers, you will learn about the format and language used in research writing. Nowadays you will find blogs and podcasts on academic writing that can guide you to write the best research paper.

Importance of English in academic research

Academic researchers spend a lot of time collecting evidence and analyzing their findings to establish their concepts. Their findings can be very helpful for the modern world and create new opportunities in different fields. By writing the research papers convincingly and properly, the researchers can grab the attention of policymakers or investors who can take their research forward and implement it. The general public must also understand your work to know how you have contributed to your field of study. Using proper English in academic writing lets you share your ideas with international researchers. You can collaborate with an international team to progress with your work. You can publish your work in an international journal. Most of the scholarly literature is written in English. Doing an in-depth literature review is a major part of any academic writing. So, knowing proper English used in this area you can understand the works of others that may help to establish your hypothesis. You can find areas of research to fill in the gaps. To come up with the research findings you must conduct surveys and interviews. Now you can take the global audience as your sample and do these online. Using proper English you can communicate with them to find and analyze your research results. Publishing your research work in internationally recognized and peer-reviewed journals and finally presenting it at international conferences requires a lot of emphasis on your English. You need a high level of proficiency in English to present your paper at international conferences and answer questions from the fellow researchers there. Participating in these conferences gives you networking opportunities to move forward in your career. If you are a non-native English speaker then you might find it challenging to write and present your works. However, with the online resources available and training opportunities, you can improve your English. You will find sharing your ideas more comfortable once you are proficient in academic English.
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Like other professionals, English is useful for IT and technology professionals as well. Due to the invention of new technologies, it is important to learn the different tech terms to stay up-todate with the IT industry. If you know modern tech terms, you impress a prospective employer. You will be able to communicate fluently with other tech professionals. [图片]

Benefits of English in technology

Learning English is a must if you are working in the technology industry. You will fall behind others if you are not proficient in English, especially in technology-related English. Here are some benefits of English in the tech industry.

Projects finish quicker

Knowing proper English and specific tech terms helps in conducting meetings successfully. You can easily define your project scope and present your findings for the tech professionals to understand. By knowing the tech terms in English, you can create software documentation and release notes efficiently. The various English technology words help in providing customer support and dealing with client problems. You can generate ideas more quickly and share them with your colleagues in a language they all can understand. You don't need to hire a translator if you are working in a multi-lingual group.

Get more training opportunities

Most of the training and seminars in the global technology industry take place in English. You can participate in skills-based training to improve your tech vocabulary.

Better teamwork

If everyone in the technology department is aware of the various tech terms then they will have smooth communication. They can share ideas more easily. As new tech ideas keep coming, learning tech English helps professionals to grow as well.

Better career opportunities

When you showcase your tech vocabulary to prospective employers, they will recognize you to be someone who is always updated with the latest technology news and trends. You can make yourself different from others by being an expert in tech terms.

How to improve fluency in tech words

There are ways to improve your fluency in tech terms. You can look for opportunities to conduct meetings and brainstorming sessions. By sharing ideas and exchanging views you can learn new terms and practice them in real conversations.

Take classes

You will find courses to improve your English vocabulary used in the tech industry. Make sure you choose a class that is conducted by an instructor speaking in English.

Talk to people

Try to talk to tech professionals outside the formal office setting. You can do a virtual meetup or play games online, for example. By playing games you can learn new terms used in modern gaming which is part of the latest technology.

Career challenges for not knowing tech English

If you have to be in touch with someone constantly who would translate the tech terms to you then you will become slow in work. You will take more time to make decisions. It will affect your workflow negatively. All the best tech professionals communicate using technology jargon. If you don't stay updated with the new tech terms, you won't be able to understand what the great minds are thinking. If you are lacking in English, then you may experience miscommunication with your colleagues, clients, and suppliers. If you are fluent in English, you can collaborate with others in the technology industry better. You can develop software that uses standard English. Coding is heavily dependent on Englishbased syntax. Programming languages like C++, Java, and Python use English commands. Even HTML uses English words. Knowing tech-based English opens doors for international collaboration. Various educational resources are available which contain tech words in English. You can learn them and start applying them to work. [图片]

Common technology terms

Look at the following technology terms you will realize that you come across these terms often in the workplace and at home. Knowing the exact meaning can be helpful in understanding new tech concepts and sharing them with others in the industry. Computer: a device programmed to carry out arithmetic or logical operations. Internet: a worldwide network of computers and systems for sharing and sending information. Software: the programs that a computer needs to run. Hardware: the computer's physical parts, like the CPU, monitor, and keyboard. Digital: recording and processing information with only 0 and 1. Processor: the component in a computer that interprets instructions and processes data in computer programs. Server: a system that manages network resources. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): the address used to access a particular website. Operating System: software that communicates with computer hardware allowing other software to run. Peripheral: an external device connected to a computer, for example, a mouse or a printer. Smartphone: a mobile device that combines both cellular and computing functions. Tablet: a portable computer that you can operate by a 'touchscreen' mechanism. Laptop: a portable computer that you can fold. Desktop Computer: a personal computer designed to fit on top of a desk. Smartwatch: a wearable device that closely resembles a wristwatch. E-reader: a mobile device for reading e-books. Game Console: an electronic device for playing video games. VR Headset: a head-mounted device used for providing virtual reality experiences. Drone: a remote-controlled flying device equipped with a camera. Smart Speaker: a speaker that can stream music and control smart home devices using voice commands. Wearable Fitness Tracker: a device for tracking physical activity and health metrics. Digital Camera: a camera used for capturing digital format photographs. Smart TV: a television set with an integrated Internet option. So, you can watch YouTube videos or browse the internet using your smart TV. Home Assistant Hub: a device that integrates and controls several smart home products. Algorithm: a set of rules to solve a problem. Cache: a piece of hardware or software that saves data that can be used faster in the future Encryption: the process of putting information into a secret code for safe usage. Firewall: a network security system that controls and monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic. Data Mining: the process of analyzing large sets of data to discover patterns and trends. Blockchain: a system in which records are maintained across several computers linked in a peer-to-peer network. Machine Learning: a subset of artificial intelligence where computers are trained to improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. API (Application Programming Interface): a set of tools used for applications to communicate with each other. App: a software application usually designed for mobile devices. Cloud: servers accessed over the Internet for storing data remotely. WiFi: a technology that allows devices to connect to the Internet wirelessly. Plugin: a piece of software that adds a certain function to a computer program. Streaming: to send or receive data at a steady speed. Viral: content that gets a lot of attention within a short time. E-commerce: buying and selling items online. Podcasts: digital audio programs. Augmented reality (AR): a combination of software and hardware that adds digital information to the real world. Smart home: a place where tools and gadgets can be managed over the Internet remotely. Biometrics: the science of identifying people based on their unique physical or mental traits, such as fingerprints or face patterns. Social network: an online platform where users can interact with others. Influencer: an individual with a strong online presence. Hashtag (#): a word used on social media to identify specific topics. Meme: a cultural symbol that spreads quickly. Vlog: a video blog. Feed: the stream of content you see when you log into a social media site. Followers: individuals who subscribe or follow a user's account on social media. Trending: This topic is widely discussed online. Even if you are not a tech professional, you use technology every day in your life. So, knowing these tech terms can help you become more tech-savvy. Use these terms with your friends and you will become an expert in them.
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Legal English is used by legal professionals. However, having a rich legal English vocabulary can help you deal with lawyers regarding any legal problem you might face in life. If you have ever dealt with such a problem you will understand how difficult it is to get the job done. Legal proceedings usually take a long time. If you are unaware of the common legal terms, you will face a lot of challenges. If you are in the legal profession, then there are more reasons to have a strong legal vocabulary. It will help to enhance your career in this field. You will know what words are appropriate to use in courts while defending your legal cases. You will be surprised to know that standard English and legal English have a lot of differences. In a legal context, a normal English word can have a different meaning. For example, the word 'consideration' in plain English means to think about others. But from a legal perspective, it means a thing of value that is passed between others in exchange for another thing. If you have seen any legal document you will know that there are grammatical and punctuation differences in legal English. To improve your knowledge of legal English you can follow these tips. [图片]

Listen to audiobooks

You can improve your listening and speaking skills by listening to law-based audiobooks. You will learn the right pronunciation and better understand the topics discussed in the legal meetings.

Read legal texts

You can skim through several legal documents like deeds or contracts to get accustomed to the various legal vocabularies. You can ask your lawyer friend or family member for an explanation if you don't understand certain words.

Listen to podcasts

In legal podcasts, you will hear discussions on various legal issues. You will hear about the analysis of cases and interviews of legal professionals. Here you can find good use of the legal terms that you have learned. By listening to podcasts you can improve your understanding of any vital legal concept as well.

Networking

Look out for networking opportunities with legal professionals from all over the world. This allows you to learn about famous cases and how other lawyers are approaching different legal scenarios. You can express your legal perspective as well. If you are in the legal profession, then improving your legal English skills will impact your career positively. You will be able to draft legal documents and communicate more effectively with your colleagues and clients. Legal English is something that you don't use every day. So, it may be difficult to use or understand. But with practice, you can understand it well. [图片]

Common legal terms that you should know

Attorney/Lawyer: A legal professional providing legal advice. This person also represents clients in court. Solicitor: A lawyer who advises clients, prepares legal documents, and represents clients in lower courts. Barrister: A lawyer who specializes in courtroom advocacy and represents clients in higher courts. Judge: A public official appointed to make decisions based on the law and evidence presented. Prosecutor: A professional who represents the state or government in criminal proceedings. Paralegal: A non-lawyer who assists lawyers in legal work, such as research, drafting legal documents, and client communication. Notary Public: A public officer authorized to authenticate documents, administer oaths, and witness signatures for various legal purposes. Litigation: The process of resolving disputes through the court system, involving a lawsuit and formal legal proceedings. Trial: A formal proceeding in a court where evidence is presented, and witnesses are called. The judge decides whether a person is guilty or not. Appeal: A request made to a higher court to review the decision of a lower court. Plaintiff: The party who initiates a lawsuit by filing a complaint. Defendant: The party against whom a lawsuit is filed. The person is accused in a criminal case. Evidence: Information, materials, or facts presented in court. Burden of Proof: The obligation of a party to prove the validity of their claims or allegations. Cross-examination: The questioning of a witness by the opposing party's attorney during a trial. Witness: A person who provides evidence in a legal proceeding. Jury: A group of individuals selected from the community who provide verdicts based on the evidence presented in the court. Contract: A legally binding agreement between two or more parties. The parties' rights, responsibilities, and obligations are mentioned in detail here. Agreement: mutual understanding Affidavit: A written statement made under oath used as evidence in legal proceedings. Supreme Court: The highest appellate court in a country responsible for reviewing decisions made by lower courts. High Court: A court with general jurisdiction that hears both civil and criminal cases. District Court: A trial court with limited jurisdiction within a specific geographic area or district. Magistrate Court: A court that handles minor criminal offenses and civil disputes. Breach: Failure to fulfill terms of a contract. Indemnification: An act of compensating one party for losses. Arbitration: A method of alternative dispute resolution. Pro Bono: Refers to legal services provided by a lawyer voluntarily without any charge. Ad Hoc: Something created for a particular purpose. Parole: Conditional release from imprisonment. Summons: A request for being present. Writ: A legal document issued by a court or judicial officer Charge sheet: A formal police record presented to the court showing the names of each person accused of the criminal offense and other details about the crime committed. Circumstantial Evidence: Indirect evidence not based on direct observation. Cross-examination: The examination of a witness by the opposite party. FIR: A written document prepared by the police when they first receive information about an offense. Forgery: Making false documents Homicide: Killing a human being. Jurisdiction: Legal authority or power of a court to hear and decide a case. Juvenile: A person who is under the age of 16 years in the case of boys, or 18 years in the case of girls. Legislature: A branch of the government having the power to make laws in a country. Modus Operandi: The mode in which a person commits a crime. Petition: A formal written request presented to a court. Probation: The release of a convict from prison subject to good behavior and other conditions. Search Warrant: An order signed by a judge for owners of private property to allow the police to enter and search their home or other premises. Settlement: An agreement reached by the parties to resolve their dispute. Testimony: Evidence presented under oath by a witness in court. Knowing these legal terms will help you in court dealings. You will also be able to communicate well with the lawyers regarding any personal or professional legal matters.
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[图片]As a general reader, you might be wondering why you need to learn medical English. Believe me, you will be sorry later in your life if you don't. Today, due to the widespread availability of information, a non-medical person can also understand many things about diagnosis and diseases. If you know some common medical terms then you can choose the right doctor for a specific treatment. You would also understand what the different diagnostic terms mean. You can make informed treatment-related decisions. Sometimes, patients suffer from maltreatment. Knowing medical terms can help you avoid this scenario. Gaining some medical knowledge can help you in emergencies when doctors may not be available right away. Doctors and nurses are well aware of the various medical vocabulary. Those healthcare professionals who assist the doctors and nurses must also know medical English, like ward boys, pharmacy assistants, or medical equipment suppliers. Knowing medical English saves time in communicating. It also results in fewer work-related errors. Here is a list of vocabulary for healthcare professionals that patients and others may also learn.

Places

Operating Room (OR): operation or surgery takes place here. Ward: room shared by many patients. Cabin: Individual accommodation for patients. Emergency Room (ER): a part of the hospital providing immediate treatment for urgent conditions. Pharmacy: a place where medications are stored and dispensed. Clinic: a healthcare facility providing regular or specialized outpatient care. Intensive Care Unit (ICU): a special hospital department for critically ill patients. Laboratory: a place where medical tests are conducted. Rehabilitation center: a facility that helps patients recover after surgeries or injuries. Waiting room: an area where patients and their guests wait before, during, or after appointments or treatments. Radiology department: the part of the hospital where imaging tests are performed. Outpatient department: where patients receive treatments without being admitted overnight.

Medical abbreviations

CBC: blood test MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): taking 3D images of internal body organs using radio waves. ECG (echocardiogram): test to see the condition of the heart. X-ray: using electromagnetic radiation to take images of organs. CT scan: a type of X-ray to provide cross-sectional images of the body.

Medical field

Diagnosis: carry out tests to find out your health condition. Prescription: advice including list of medicines written by the doctor. Hypertension: high blood pressure. Painkiller: medicine for reducing pain. Dosage: how many times you have to take certain medicines. Biopsy (of abnormal cells): test to find out if you have any cancerous cells in your body or other conditions by removing cells. Trauma: shock due to any negative experience, like an accident. Flu: viral infection affecting the nose, throat, and lungs. Check-up: a routine examination by a doctor. Ultrasound: using sound waves to view internal organs.

Disease

Chronic: a disease that lasts for a long time and gets worse over time. Benign: without complications, for example, a benign tumor is harmless. Terminal: terminal disease can't be cured; that is, the patient will eventually die. Cure: Treatment

Medical personnel

Surgeon: someone who operates patients. Anesthesiologist: who gives anesthesia before the operation Cardiologist: heart specialist Traumatologist: specializes in trauma Orthopedist: specializes in bones Gastroenterologist: a doctor who treats problems in the digestive system. Dermatologist: specializes in skin diseases Gynecologist: who specializes in female reproductive health Urologist: a doctor who specializes in treating diseases concerning urinary tracts. Ophthalmologist: eye specialist Therapist: who gives therapy to improve body and muscle movements Paediatrician: children's doctor Physician: Doctor MD: Doctor Dentist: who focuses on oral health Family doctor: a doctor who treats family members regularly. Midwife: who helps deliver babies Neurologist: brain and neuro system specialist Psychiatrist: mental health specialist Radiologist: a doctor specializing in imaging. Pathologist: a doctor who analyses body tissues and fluids. Psychologist: a professional who provides mental counseling and therapy. Paramedic: a healthcare professional providing emergency medical care outside the hospital. Dietitian: a healthcare professional who creates eating plans for patients.

Common Health Problems

Fever: a very high temperature. Cough: minor lung problem. Allergy: red eyes, runny nose, skin irritation, etc. from food, medicine, or other things. Infection: invasion of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, etc. Asthma: a respiratory condition that causes breathing problems. Diabetes: a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to control sugar. Migraine: a type of severe headache. Anxiety: a mental health disorder causing fear and worry. Depression: a mental health condition due to constant feelings of sadness. Arthritis: a condition that causes pain in the joints. Fracture: a crack in a bone. Indigestion: discomfort in the stomach.

Treatments

Surgery: a medical procedure used to repair or remove body parts. Therapy: treatment of a disorder. Vaccination: apply a vaccine to help the body develop immunity to a disease. Chemotherapy: a cancer treatment using drugs for killing or slowing down the growth of cancer cells. Radiation therapy: a cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. Dialysis: a treatment to remove waste products from the blood when a person's kidney doesn't work properly. Insulin therapy: a treatment for diabetes for controlling blood sugar levels. Antibiotics: medications for fighting bacterial infections. Transplant: replacing a failing organ with a healthy one from a specific donor. Rehabilitation: a program to restore strength after injury or surgery. Inhaler: a device that provides medication to the lungs. It is used by asthma patients often. Acupuncture: therapy that uses needles to treat pain. Once you know these medical terms, you will feel a lot more comfortable communicating with the healthcare professionals. These terms will help you move around the hospital and get better treatment for any diseases.
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